Beginners Guide to Cuban Cigars

The Cuban cigar market: a state monopoly

Cuban cigars hold a unique position in the tobacco world. Cuba still maintains a centralized state monopoly over its cigar production. Before 1959, the Cuban cigar industry operated with numerous independent private companies. Since the 1959 revolution, the Cuban state has entirely controlled the supply chain: from tobacco cultivation to international distribution.

This specific situation implies that all authentic Cuban cigars come exclusively from Cuba and are distributed by Habanos S.A., the state company that manages everything. Therefore, there are no authentic Cuban cigars manufactured anywhere other than Cuba. Which is in my view an important distinction.

Strict and traditional specifications

Tobacco cultivation

Cuban tobacco benefits from exceptional terroir, particularly in the Vuelta Abajo region (Pinar del Río province), considered the best production area in the world. The tropical climate, rich soils, and expertise passed down through generations create unique conditions.

The cultivation process respects traditional methods as weeds are raised in nurseries, transplanted in the fields after roughly 45 days, harvested leaf by leaf from the lower tiers upward, then cured the traditional way—air-drying in wooden casas de tabaco.

Fermentation and aging

After drying, tobacco goes through several fermentations to develop its flavors and reduce acidity. This process can last several months, even years for the finest tobaccos. The leaves are then classified according to their position on the plant and their quality.

Artisanal rolling

Each Cuban cigar is rolled entirely by hand by master rollers (torcedores) in state-owned factories. This artisanal tradition guarantees the quality and authenticity of each cigar.

Main Cuban brands and their specificities

Premium brands

Cohiba: The brand was reated in 1966 exclusively for Fidel Castro and high officials, at first. The tobacco exclusively comes from the Vuelta Abajo region and goes through a unique third fermentation process in wooden barrels at El Laguito factory, where the seco and volado leaves receive this additional treatment. This extra fermentation creates a distinctive smoothness and complexity which really makes the Cohibas stand apart from other brands.

Montecristo: Launched in 1935 by H. Upmann factory as tribute to Alexandre Dumas’ novel character. Originally produced only 5 sizes (No. I-V), with others added from the 1970s. Uses a balanced blend designed to appeal to all smoking levels. According to Habanos S.A., Montecristo is “one of the most recognized Habanos brands in the world” and serves as “the benchmark by which all other Habanos are measured.”

Romeo y Julieta: Founded in 1875 by Alvarez y Garcia, named after Shakespeare’s tragic lovers. Rose to fame in 1903 under Don ‘Pepin’ direction. Medium-bodied cigars with well-balanced, aromatic blends. The Churchill size was named after Winston Churchill, a devoted fan who visited Havana in 1946. Classified as a “Brands Value” category by Habanos S.A.

Partagás: They are known for their rich and spicy flavors along with a perfect construction. They use higher proportions of ligero leaves (the top tobacco leaves with most strength) creating full-bodied cigars with earthy, peppery characteristics. The Partagas are often appreciated by more experienced smokers.

Note: While historical data from 2009 suggested Montecristo and Romeo y Julieta represented approximately three-fourths of Cuban cigar sales, Habanos S.A. no longer publishes detailed brand-specific sales figures. Current revenue data shows Habanos S.A. total sales of $827 million in 2024.

Reference brands

Hoyo de Monterrey: Uses predominantly seco and volado leaves with minimal ligero (the highest leaf of the plant), creating light to medium-bodied cigars. Perfect for morning smoking or beginners due to lower nicotine content.

Upmann: Classic brand with smooth draw and mild flavor profile. Uses careful selection of younger, milder tobacco leaves with extended aging process to create elegance without overwhelming strength.

Bolívar: Uses high proportions of ligero tobacco, particularly from San Juan y Martínez region. Creates powerful, full-bodied cigars with intense earthy flavors. Named after South American liberator Simón Bolívar.

Punch: Created in 1840s, features varied blend ratios across its range. Uses different tobacco proportions to create profiles from mild to full-bodied, with characteristic woody and nutty undertones from specific curing methods.

Different formats

Cuban cigars come in different standardized formats:

Popular formats

• Robusto (124mm x 19.84mm): The reference format, balanced in time and flavors
• Churchill (178mm x 18.65mm): Long format for extended tasting
• Corona (142mm x 16.67mm): Classic format, ideal for discovering a brand
• Petit Corona (129mm x 16.67mm): Short version of the Corona

Format influence

The ring gauge and length directly influence the smoking experience:

• The larger the ring gauge, the slower the burn and the more complex the flavors
• The longer the cigar, the more marked the aromatic evolution
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How to choose your first Cuban cigar

For beginners

1. Start with mild brands: Hoyo de Monterrey or H. Upmann
2. Choose a medium format: Corona or Robusto
3. Prioritize freshness: Buy from a reputable tobacconist

Quality criteria

A good Cuban cigar should present:

• A uniform wrapper without spots or cracks
• Regular firmness along its entire length
• A clean foot (lighting end) well cut
• The presence of the official Habanos S.A. band

Authentication: avoiding counterfeits

With an important black market, here are signs of authenticity:

Mandatory elements

• Official band with Habanos S.A. hologram
• Sealed box with official stamps
• Traceability code on the box bottom
• Impeccable manufacturing quality

Where to buy

• Authorized Habanos S.A. dealers
• Casa del Habano (official stores)
• Authorized websites with official certification

Storage and smoking

Storage

Cuban cigars require storage at 65-70% humidity and 18-20°C. A humidor is essential to preserve their qualities.

Smoking

1. Cut cleanly the cigar’s head
2. Light evenly with wooden matches or a torch lighter
3. Draw slowly
4. Savor the evolution of flavors throughout the smoking experience

Conclusion

Cuban cigars represent global excellence in premium cigars. Their production entirely controlled by the state, traditional artisanal methods, and exceptional terroir quality make them unique products.

Whether you’re a beginner or confirmed enthusiast, there’s certainly a Cuban cigar suited to your taste. The essential thing is to start gradually, choose your retailer well, and take time to appreciate this Cuban way of life.

The world of Cuban cigars is vast and fascinating. This guide gives you the essential basics, but nothing replaces experience and advice from a good tobacconist to refine your choices and discover new pleasures.